Geography & Environment study notes
Free Geography & Environment notes for UPSC, SSC, banking and railway exams: every topic with the key facts, exam traps and a practice quiz. About 77minutes in all: read them in order, then take each topic's quiz to lock it in.
Rivers of India: Notes for UPSC & SSC
Himalayan and peninsular rivers, Indus–Ganga–Brahmaputra systems, origins, confluences, deltas vs estuaries and the major dams. In one revision sheet.
Geomorphology: Notes for UPSC & State PCS Exams
Earth's interior, seismic waves, plate tectonics, rocks, earthquakes, volcanoes and landforms of rivers, wind, ice and groundwater in one sheet.
Climatology & Oceanography: Notes for UPSC, SSC & Railway Exams
Atmospheric layers, pressure belts, planetary and local winds, cyclones, ocean currents, tides and salinity. Physical geography in one revision sheet.
Physiography of India: Notes for UPSC, SSC & State Exams
India's six physical divisions: Himalayas, northern plains, peninsular plateau, Indian desert, coastal plains and islands. With peaks, passes and channels.
Indian Climate & Monsoon: Notes for UPSC & State PCS Exams
Factors of India's climate, the four seasons, monsoon mechanism and branches, local storms, rain shadow areas, El Nino and the Indian Ocean Dipole.
Soils & Natural Vegetation of India: Notes for UPSC & State Exams
India's soil types with their properties and crops, soil erosion and conservation, and the major forest types from evergreen to mangroves.
Agriculture & Irrigation in India: Notes for UPSC & State Exams
Cropping seasons, types of farming, major food and cash crops with their conditions, agricultural revolutions and India's irrigation methods.
Minerals, Energy & Industries: Notes for UPSC & State Exams
Where India's iron ore, manganese, bauxite, mica, coal, oil and nuclear fuels are found, power sources, and the location of steel, textile and jute industries.
Population, Settlements & Transport: Notes for UPSC & State Exams
Census 2011 facts on population, density, sex ratio and literacy, rural and urban settlements, and India's railways, highways, waterways, ports and pipelines.
World Geography: Notes for UPSC, SSC & Railway Exams
World physical geography (oceans, lakes, deserts, grasslands, straits, canals) and economic geography (mining and industrial regions) in one sheet.
Ecology & Ecosystems: Notes for UPSC & State Exams
Ecosystem structure and function, food chains and webs, energy flow and the 10% law, ecological pyramids, succession, nutrient cycles and key ecology terms.
Biodiversity, Protected Areas & Wildlife: Notes for UPSC & Railway Exams
Biodiversity levels, hotspots, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, protected areas, famous parks and their species, IUCN categories and wildlife bodies.
Climate Change & Pollution: Notes for UPSC & Railway Exams
Greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, acid rain, smog, air and water pollutants and their diseases, BOD, eutrophication, waste and industrial disasters.
Environmental Laws, Institutions & Conventions: Notes for UPSC
Constitutional provisions, India's major environmental Acts and bodies (CPCB, NGT, NBA, NTCA), and the key international conventions with years and purposes.